This paper deals with the analysis of plate bending by the finite element method. Since vast findings have been achieved so far, advancing research in this area is very difficult. Nevertheless, three Triangular elements for analyzing plate bending will be formulated. The patch test for one and some elements for the suggested elements will be preformed. Moreover, a variety of problems will be solved by the authors' program. In addition to these, the responses of the suggested three elements with the other investigators' results, and also accurate answers will be compared. The findings of this article reveal that the new elements have the ability to reach the precise solution. It should be added that one of three proposed elements has the best convergence rate.

The response of thin steel plates subjected to gaseous mixture detonation loading is investigated analytically to determine the possible permanent deformation of center of steel plates clamped in Triangular clamping frames. Deformation profiles of plates with different thicknesses under various pre-detonation pressures are investigated which shows large plastic deformations with the maximum deformation happening at the center of mass of the Triangular plate. By adopting an energy method approach developed earlier for circular plates, and incorporating a newly developed condition, upper bounds are obtained for the center of mass deformation of the Triangular plate. Besides, some important parameters, including plate thickness and yield strength were studied to show the exposed area effect on the deformation profile. The results from analytical studies demonstrate a good agreement compared with experiments and show that the center of mass displacement decreases greatly with involving thicker plate and strain rate influence. Energy method as a useful tool reveals that that midpoint deflection was decreased by the smaller size of the exposed area of the plate.

Today, pool boiling heat transfer is used in many industrial equipment and engineering applications. Pool boiling heat transfer compared to single-phase heat transfer has a higher heat transfer capacity due to the use of latent heat evaporation of liquids. Therefore, in this study, the pool boiling heat transfer on a flat vertical plate and plate with Triangular and circular grooves have been investigated using numerical simulations. In studies, the effect of adding two types of Triangular grooves, two types of circular grooves with different dimensions, and four heating surface temperatures has been investigated. In order to simulate the two-phase flow in this study, the volume of the fluid method was used and the governing equations were solved using the finite volume method. The obtained results showed that adding Triangular and circular grooves on the heating surface will increase the average heat flux. In the Triangular grooved surface case, the average heat flux which entered liquid increased from 128% to 177%. By using a circular groove, the average heat flux augments about 69% to 105%.  Also, the water vapor value in the Triangular grooved surface case increased from 160% to 340%, and in the circular grooved surface case rises 101% to 155%.

Considering total Lagrangian formulation, refined non-conforming Triangular thin plate-bending element RT9 is used as the basis for refined geometrically non-linear non-conforming plate bending element NRT15. Through possible introduction of various weak continuity conditions into the formulation of geometrically non-linear plate elements, the constraint condition of interelement continuity can be satisfied to an average degree. A combined interpolation function is introduced into part of the formulation to improve the accuracy of computation. Numerical examples presented in this paper show that the present element possesses high accuracy.

An elaborate numerical study with a validated LS-DYNA® immersed boundary method fluid-solid interaction code is used to characterize the influence of pre-detonation pressure and time duration on plastic deformation of thin steel Triangular plates subjected to gaseous detonation. Other objectives of this numerical simulation such as estimation of deflection and stress contour of material at high strain rate are derived based on a strain-rate dependent Johnson-Cook material model. Simulation relies on the modeling of detonation by chemical reaction kinetic and its propagation by Conservative Element Solution Element (CESE) solver. Immersed boundary method is used to simulate the interface motion between the detonating gas and the deforming plate to facilitate the assessment of fluid pressure distribution on the plate surface. The numerical tool relates the pressure distribution and gaseous detonation parameters to the plate macroscopic deformation by employing multi-species reactive Euler’s equations for the gas and Lagrangian equation for plate. Numerical method as an appropriate tool in the evaluation of the deflection profile of the Triangular plate shows that deflection decreases by the smaller size of the exposed area of the plate.

Regarding the importance of seismic performance and also the problems of moment connections, representing an accurate and efficient scheme to reinforcing could be useful to eliminate these problems. Assuming that (CJP) welds between top flange plate and column face have poor quality or strengthened like fillet welds, the need of reinforcing becomes obvious. For that reason, by using Triangular stiffener plate for joining to column face and top flange plate, the seismic behavior could be improved and possible to opt as a reinforcing scheme. To prove that, the experimental specimen was created and investigated. Then, validation was employed with the numerical model of one. By applying the basic concepts of the mechanic of materials, the design of Triangular plate was expressed. Along with that, sensitivity analysis with studying on several numerical models carried out to show the accuracy of the proposal procedure design. Moreover, some factors effect on the seismic behavior of this scheme including numbers of stiffener plate, the thickness of stiffener plate, and the width to thickness ratio of box column. While using the box column in literature is rare, it replaces with H-shape column mostly in some countries like Iran. So, this paper tries to consider these cases to cover all aspects of this reinforcing scheme. The results showed this procedure could enhance the seismic behavior of defective moment connections.

In this study the initial critical load in yoke plates is found by experimental testes. The finite element analysis is carried out in both linear and nonlinear buckling cases in ansys software. Analytical solution for buckling in case of rectangular plate is investigated and compared with finite element simulation and experimental tests. For accuracy in results, the simple tension test is carried out for plate for both the longitudinal and transverse tensile test specimens and full stress-strain curve of steel st52 that is obtained from experimental testes import to software for simulation. The agreement between numerical, analytical and experimental results is very good.

In this paper development of turbulent flow around a Triangular obstacle, its vortex generation and resulting effect on neighboring turbulent boundary layer of a flat plat, are studied. Vortex shedding controlled in size and position by changing side length and relevant angles of the triangle. The distance from the plate changed gradually from a point stuck to the plate to points far inside the free stream. As a result in each step, a stagnation point forms on frontal area, a jet at the beneath of the obstacle and one, two or three vortices after the rear face. Each of flow developments contributes to local heat transfer coefficient of neighboring flat plate. Most effective part seems to be the last vortex at downstream to the obstacle. Its local contribution to total enhancement is about 80% when total heat transfer compared to that of a single flat plate of a similar flow field. The overall heat transfer enhancement over the affected area is about 60%.

The understanding some characteristics of the influence of an interior gaseous detonation within a confined space on plate deformation is valuable for production purposes. In this study, the center of mass displacement of thin steel Triangular plates subjected to acetylene and oxygen mixture detonation loading is investigated theoretically. Empirical modeling is presented to find the relationships between effective parameters in the gas detonation forming process such as mechanical properties of plate, impulse of applied load, plate geometry and strain-rate sensitivity effect and center of mass displacement of the Triangular plate. Some important parameters, including plate thickness and yield strength, different Triangular clamp sizes were studied to show the exposed area effect on the center of mass displacement. The results from non-dimensional analysis demonstrated a good agreement compared with experimental data and showed that the center of mass displacement decreases greatly with involving thicker plate. Non-dimensional analysis as a profitable tool in the evaluation of the center of mass displacement demonstrates that midpoint deflection was decreased by the smaller size of the exposed area of the plate.

The flat plate collector is the most famous and simplest type of solar collectors that is used as a water heater. In this study, a solar flat plate collector with Triangular geometry and with zigzag and non-riser tubes was experimentally examined. To assess the collector, the ASHRAE standard was used in hot and dry climate conditions. The test site was located in southwestern Iran and was tested in the early months from March to June 2020. The measured parameters include the environmental and thermal parameters of the collector and the fluid, and the best data have been selected and presented. The results of the study showed that the collector had a suitable efficiency; the lowest recorded value was 32% and the highest was 58. 9 %. Hence, It could be used as a solar water heating system in both domestic and industrial sectors. In the pressure drop testing, the results showed that in all flow rates used, the pressure drop in the collector was less than 0. 1 bar. Also, the performance of the collector was presented based on environmental variables such as temperature and radiation, as well as fluid variables such as input temperature and flow rate.